173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team

173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team shoulder sleeve insignia Active 5 August 1917 – January 1919 24 June 1921 – 24 September 1945 12 April 1947 – 1 December 1951 12 March 1963 – 14 January 1972 16 October 2000 – present Country United States of America Branch United States Army Type Airborne Infantry Role US Army Europe quick response force Size Brigade Part of V Corps Garrison/HQ Caserma Ederle (Vicenza, Italy) Nickname Sky Soldiers (Special Designation) [1], The Herd Engagements World War I World War II: Rhineland Campaign Ardennes-Alsace Campaign Central Europe Campaign Vietnam War: Operation Hump Operation Junction City Operation Crimp Battle of Dak To Iraq War: Operation Iraqi Freedom Operation Northern Delay Operation Option North Operation Peninsula Strike Operation Bayonet Lightning Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan Battle honours Presidential Unit Citation, 1967 Meritorious Unit Commendation Army, 1965–1967 and 2003–2004 Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm, 1965–1970 Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal First Class, 1969–1971 Commanders Current commander COL James H. Johnson, III CSM Nicholas A. Rolling Notable commanders John R. Deane, Jr. Johnnie E. Wilson Anthony Herbert Insignia Combat Service Identification Badge Distinctive Unit Insignia

The 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team ("Sky Soldiers"^[1]) is an airborne infantry brigade combat team of the United States Army based in Vicenza, Italy. It is the United States European Command's conventional airborne strategic response force for Europe.

Activated in 1915, as the 173rd Infantry Brigade the unit saw service in World War I, but is best known for its actions during the Vietnam War. The brigade was the first major United States Army ground formation deployed in Vietnam, serving there May 1965–1971 and losing almost 1,800 soldiers. Noted for its roles in Operation Hump and Operation Junction City, the 173rd is best known for the Battle of Dak To, where it suffered heavy casualties in close combat with North Vietnamese forces. Brigade members received over 7,700 decorations, including more than 6,000 Purple Hearts. The brigade returned to the United States, where it was inactivated in 1972.

Since its reactivation in 2000, the brigade has served three tours of the Middle East. The 173rd participated in the initial invasion of Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003, and had tours in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom 2005–2006 and 2007–2008. The brigade returned from duty in eastern Afghanistan in July 2008.

The 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team has a long and celebrated combat history. It has received 21 campaign streamers and several unit awards, including the Presidential Unit Citation for its actions during the Battle of Dak To during the Vietnam War.

Organization

The 173rd Airborne Brigade serves as the conventional airborne strategic response force for Europe.^[2] It is a subordinate unit of the U.S. Army's V Corps.

Structure of the 173rd Airborne BCT

The 173rd Airborne Brigade currently consists of 3,300 soldiers^[3] in six subordinate battalions.^[4] The unit's two paratrooper infantry battalions are the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 503rd Infantry Regiment,^[2] an association that can be traced back to the unit's Vietnam service. The 1st Squadron, 91st Cavalry Regiment is the brigade's light reconnaissance unit,^[2] and the 4th Battalion of the 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment its field artillery detachment.^[2][4]

In support of the regular combat forces are the 173rd Special Troops Battalion^[2] and the 173rd Support Battalion.^[5] All of these units including the 4/319th Field Artillery are airborne qualified,^[4] making the 173rd Airborne Brigade the only separate airborne brigade in the United States Army.

History

World Wars

The 173rd Infantry Brigade was constituted on August 5, 1915 as an infantry brigade and organized on August 25 at Camp Pike, Arkansas, as an element of the 87th Division^[6] along with the 174th Infantry Brigade.^[7] The brigade deployed to France along with the rest of the division in September 1918, but it did not participate in any campaigns and never saw combat, instead being utilized as a pool of laborers and reinforcements for front line units.^[6] Four months later, the brigade returned to the United States, and was demobilized with the rest of the division in January 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey.^[6]

On June 24, 1921, the unit was reconstituted as the Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), 173rd Infantry Brigade,^[6] and was assigned to the Organized Reserve Corps and the 87th Division at Shreveport, Louisiana. It was reorganized in December 1921 at Mobile, Alabama, redesignated on March 23, 1925 as the HHC 173rd Brigade, and redesignated as HHC 173rd Infantry Brigade on August 24, 1936.^[6]

During World War II, brigades were eliminated from divisions. Consequently, the HHC 173rd Infantry Brigade was designated as the 87th Reconnaissance Troop in February 1942 and activated on December 15, 1942.^[6] Though the brigade in name did not exist during the war, the redesignation meant that it carried the lineage of the 87th Reconnaissance Troop, and when the brigade was reactivated, it would include the troop's lineage and campaign streamers.^[6] The troop entered combat in 1944 and fought in three European campaigns; central Europe, the Rhineland and Ardennes-Alsace operations.^[6] The maneuver battalions of the Vietnam era 173rd trace their lineage to the 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment, which successfully assaulted the fortress island of Corregidor in the Philippines by parachute and waterborne operations, thereby earning the nickname "The Rock".^[8] After the war, the troop reverted back to reserve status and was posted at Birmingham, Alabama from 1947 until 1951. On December 1, 1951, the troop was inactivated and released from its assignment to the 87th Infantry Division.^[6]

Re-creation as an airborne brigade

Soldiers in the Kunar province in Afghanistan.

From 1961 to 1963, the Army began reorganizing its force so that each division would have a similar structure, which would vary depending on the type of division it was. This move was called the Reorganization Objective Army Division (ROAD) plan. The plan reintroduced brigades to the Army's structure, allowing three brigades to a division.^[9] The reorganization also allowed for the use of "separate" brigades which had no division headquarters and could be used for missions that did not require an entire division.^[10] The 173rd Brigade was selected to become a separate brigade and a special airborne task force, which could deploy rapidly and act independently.^[10] It was then designed uniquely from other separate brigades. The 173rd was the only separate brigade to have support formations permanently attached to it, though other separate brigades would receive support elements of their own a year later.^[10] The brigade was also the only separate brigade to receive its own tank company,^[11] in the form of Company D, 16th Armor.^[12] Consistent with Regimental Combat Teams activated before them, these separate brigades were given their own shoulder sleeve insignia.^[13] The soldiers of the 173rd Airborne Brigade created a patch with a wing on it to symbolize their status as an airborne unit, along with red, white, and blue, the national colors of the United States. The SSI would be given to them in May 1963.^[14]

On March 26, 1963, the 173rd Airborne Brigade (Separate) was assigned to the regular army and activated on Okinawa. Brigadier General Ellis W. Williamson took command of the unit,^[15] which was chartered to serve as the quick reaction force for the Pacific Command.^[2] Under Williamson, the unit trained extensively, making mass parachute jumps. They earned the nickname Tien Bien, or Sky Soldiers, from the Taiwanese paratroopers.^[2][15] During their time in Okinawa, they prided themselves as the "toughest fighting men in Okinawa, if not the entire US Armed Forces".^[15] They took their theme song from the television series Rawhide.^[15] As the Pacific quick-reaction force, they were the first brigade to be sent to Vietnam two years later when hostilities escalated there.^[16]

Vietnam War

The brigade arrived in Vietnam in May 1965, the first major ground combat unit of the United States Army to serve in the country.^[17] Williamson boldly predicted on arrival that his men would defeat the Viet Cong quickly and that they "would be back in Okinawa by Christmas".^[15] 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division and 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division quickly followed the 173rd into Vietnam, the first of what would eventually be 25 different brigades to serve in the country.^[16] As larger US Army commands were established in Vietnam, the brigade was assigned to the III Corps tactical zone, which they would serve in for the next six years.^[18] The brigade was put under the command of II Field Force, Vietnam.^[19]

The 1st and 2nd Battalions, 503rd Infantry were the first Army combat units from the 173rd sent into South Vietnam, accompanied by the 3rd Battalion, 319th Artillery.^[2] They were supported by the 173rd Support Battalion, 173rd Engineers, Troop E, 17th Cavalry and Company D, 16th Armor.^[20] The 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment^[21] and the 161st Field Battery of the Royal New Zealand Artillery were attached to the brigade for one year in 1965.^[22] Late in August 1966, the 173rd received another infantry battalion, the 4th battalion, 503rd Infantry from Fort Campbell, Kentucky. The 3rd battalion, 503rd joined the brigade at Tuy Hoa Province in September 1967 following the former's reactivation and training at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The 173rd was also assigned Company N, 75th Ranger Regiment. At its peak of its deployment in Vietnam, the 173rd Airborne Brigade (Separate) comprised nearly 3,000 soldiers.^[15]

The brigade was the first unit sent into War Zone D to destroy enemy base camps, introducing the use of small Long Range Reconnaissance Patrols. On November 8, 1965, the 173rd took part in Operation Hump, just north of Bien Hoa on the outskirts of Saigon,^[21] the capital of South Vietnam. They were ambushed by approximately 1,200 Viet Cong fighters, suffering 48 deaths. The unit fought in the Iron Triangle, a Viet Cong stronghold north of Saigon,^[21][23] seeing many engagements with enemy forces during that time. They participated in Operation Crimp in 1966, a failed attempt to root out enemy forces from the Cu Chi tunnels.^[24] Later that year, the brigade received an aviation company of its own, making it a de facto airmobile formation.^[25] Soldiers of the brigade became involved in Operation Attleboro in fall of 1966, an operation that started out as a small search and destroy mission north of Saigon but eventually involved 22,000 troops from 21 battalions.^[26] Soldiers of the brigade also took part in smaller humanitarian missions in between major combat operations.^[27]

Specialist Six Lawrence Joel from the 173rd Brigade, receiving a Medal of Honor

On February 22, 1967, the 173rd conducted Operation Junction City, the only combat parachute jump of the Vietnam War.^[28][29] The operation saw three brigades controlling eight battalions dropped by helicopters and US Air Force aircraft into War Zone C, in Tay Ninh Province.^[30] During the battle, the Brigade operated out of the northeastern part of the war zone along with the 196th Infantry Brigade (Separate), as four other brigades from the 1st and 25th Infantry Divisions attempted to surround and destroy the 9th Viet Cong Division in the War Zone. The Operation was a success, and the battered VC division fled.^[31] In August of that year, the brigade received its distinctive unit insignia. The soldiers chose to have it contain a parachute and dagger to symbolize their participation in Operation Junction City and the other heavy fighting they had been through. The DUI was also inscribed "Sky Soldiers" as homage to the nickname that the Taiwanese soldiers had given them.^[14]

Dak To

In the Summer of 1967, the 4th Infantry Division's 1st and 2nd Brigades were making heavy contact with enemy forces in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, in western Kontum Province. These heavy enemy contacts prompted division commander Lieutenant General William R. Peers to request reinforcement and, as a result, on 17 June, two battalions of Brigadier General John R. Deane's 173rd Airborne Brigade were moved into the Dak To area to begin sweeping the jungle-covered mountains in Operation Greeley. The 173rd had been operating near Bien Hoa Air Base outside Saigon and had been in combat only against NLF guerillas. Prior to its deployment to the highlands, Peer's operations officer, Colonel William J. Livsey, attempted to warn the Airborne officers of the hazards of campaigning in the highlands. He also advised them that PAVN regulars were a much better equipped and motivated force than the NLF. These warnings, however, made little impression on the paratroopers, who were about to become victims of their own overconfidence.^[32]

1st Battalion, 503rd Infantry, 173rd Airborne Brigade soldiers battle for Hill 882, southwest of Dak To.

U.S. wounded being moved to aid station during battle for Hill 882

On 20 June, Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 503rd Airborne Infantry (C/1/503) discovered the bodies of a Special Forces CIDG unit that had been missing for four days on Hill 1338, the dominant hill mass south of Dak To. Supported by Alpha Company, the Americans moved up the hill and set up for the night. At 06:58 the following morning, Alpha Company began moving alone up a ridge finger and triggered an ambush by the 6th Battalion of the 24th PAVN Regiment.^[33] Charlie Company was ordered to go to support, but heavy vegetation and difficult terrain made movement extremely difficult. Artillery support was rendered ineffective by the limited range of visibility. Close air support was impossible for the same reasons. Alpha Company managed to survive repeated attacks throughout the day and night, but the cost was heavy. Of the 137 men that comprised the unit, 76 had been killed and another 23 wounded. A search of the battlefield revealed only 15 dead North Vietnamese.^[34]

In response to the destruction of Alpha Company, MACV ordered additional forces into the area. On 23 June, the 1st Battalion, 1st Brigade, 1st Air Cavalry Division arrived to bolster the 173rd. The following day, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam's (ARVN) elite 1st Airborne Task Force (the 5th and 8th Battalions) and the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Air Cavalry Division arrived to conduct search and destroy operations north and northeast of Kontum. General Deane sent his forces 20 kilometres (12 mi) west and southwest of Dak To to search for the 24th PAVN Regiment. By October, the 173rd, the 4th Infantry Division, and six ARVN battalions were moved to Dak To. The North Vietnamese Army, in turn, had moved almost 6,000 troops in four infantry regiments and one artillery regiment.^[35]

The battle around Dak To became more costly as 4th Battalion of the 173rd was ordered to occupy Hill 823, south of Ben Het, for the construction of Fire Support Base. Only the battalion's B Company was available for the attack, which was borne by helicopter. The Company was able to take the hill but suffered 9 dead and 28 wounded.^[36]

The following morning Bravo Company was relieved by Lieutenant Colonel David J. Schumacher's 1/503, which (against the admonitions of Colonel Livsey) was divided into two small Task Forces. Task Force Black consisted of Charlie Company supported by two platoons of Dog Company and Task Force Blue which was composed of Alpha Company and the remaining platoon of Dog. Task Force Black left Hill 823 to find the North Vietnamese who had attacked B/4/403. At 08:28 on 11 November, after leaving their overnight laager and following a PAVN communications wire, the force was ambushed by the 8th and 9th Battalions of the 66th PAVN Regiment and had to fight for its life.^[37] Task Force Blue and Charlie Company 4/503 drew the job of going to the relief of the beleaguered task force. They encountered fire from all sides during the relief attempt, but they made it, reaching the trapped men at 15:37. U.S. losses were 20 killed, 154 wounded, and two missing.^[38]

Following an attack on the Dak To airbase,^[39] and actions on hill 882 by the 1/503rd that saw 7 men dead and 34 wounded,^[40] 330 men of 2/503 moved in to assault Hill 875.^[41] At 10:30, as the Americans moved to within 300 metres (984 ft) of the crest, PAVN machine gunners opened fire on the advancing paratroopers. Then B-40 rockets and 57 mm recoilless rifle fire were unleashed upon them. The paratroopers attempted to continue the advance, but the North Vietnamese, well concealed in interconnected bunkers and trenches, opened fire with small arms and grenades. At 14:30 PAVN troops hidden at the bottom of the hill launched a massed assault from the rear. Unknown to the Americans, they had walked into a carefully prepared ambush by the 2nd Battalion of the 174th PAVN Regiment. Soon, U.S. air strikes and artillery fire were being called in, but they had little effect on the battle because of the dense foliage on the hillside. Resupply became a necessity because of high ammunition expenditures and lack of water, but it was also an impossibility. Six UH-1 helicopters were shot down or badly damaged that afternoon trying to get to 2/503.^[42]

U.S. troops in combat on Hill 875

The next morning the three companies of 4/503 were chosen to set out and relieve the men on Hill 875. Because of intense PAVN sniper and mortar fire (and the terrain) it took until nightfall for the relief force to reach the beleaguered battalion. On the afternoon of 21 November both battalions moved out to take the crest. During fierce, close-quarters fighting, some of the paratroopers made it into the PAVN trenchline but were ordered to pull back as darkness fell.

The following day was spent in launching airstrikes and a heavy artillery bombardment against the hilltop, totally denuding it of cover. On 23 November, the 2nd and 4th Battalions of the 503rd were ordered to renew their assault while the 1st Battalion of the 12th Infantry assaulted 875 from the south.^[43] This time the Americans gained the crest, but the North Vietnamese had already abandoned their positions, leaving only a few dozen charred bodies and weapons.^[44]

The battle of Hill 875 had cost 2/503 87 killed, 130 wounded, and three missing. 4/503 suffered 28 killed 123 wounded, and four missing.^[45] Combined with noncombatant losses, this represented one-fifth of the 173rd Airborne Brigade's total strength.^[46] For its combined actions during operations around Dak To, the 173rd Airborne Brigade was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation.^[8] 340 of the 570 173rd Airborne troops who attacked the hill become casualties.^[47]

Pullout from Vietnam

The intense fighting during the Battle of Dak To took a heavy human toll on the 173rd. While several of its units, including the 2/503rd and A/3/319th were ordered to Tuy Hoa to repair and refit,^[47][48] the 173rd was transferred to the An Khe and Bong Son areas during 1968, seeing very little action while the combat ineffective elements of the brigade were rebuilt. One of few combat operations that brigade conducted during this time was an amphibious assault against North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong forces as part of an operation to clear the rice-growing lowlands along the Bong Song littoral.^[2] The unit then served in An Khe until mid-1969, seeing little in the way of heavy fighting. From April 1969 until its withdrawal from Vietnam in 1971, the brigade served in Binh Dinh Province.^[20] From April until August 1971, the unit underwent the process of redeployment to Fort Campbell, Kentucky in the United States, the first time that the 173rd Airborne Brigade in name had returned to the country since 1942.^[2] During more than six years of continuous combat, the brigade earned 14 campaign streamers and four unit citations, the Presidential Unit Citation, a Meritorious Unit Commendation, a Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry, and a Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal. Sky Soldiers serving in Vietnam received 13 Medals of Honor, 32 Distinguished Service Crosses, 1,736 Silver Stars and more than 6,000 Purple Hearts.^[2] The 173rd incurred 1,533 deaths and around 6,000 wounded.^[49]

After Vietnam, the Army retained the 173rd Airborne Brigade as a quick deploying contingency brigade.^[50] However, with the removal of The Draft following America's disengagement from Vietnam, many of the Army's formations had to be rebuilt for the volunteer force. One of these was the 101st Airborne Division, which had also been redeployed to Fort Campbell.^[50] It was decided that the 173rd would be used to help rebuild the division, which had been converted into an airmobile formation during the Vietnam War.^[50] The brigade was inactivated on January 14, 1972 at the fort,^[2] and its assets were used to form the 3rd Brigade, 101st Airborne Division, a parachute component within the airmobile 101st. The 3rd Brigade went off jump status on April 1, 1974, the same date on which the Airmobile Badge (Air Assault Badge as of October 4, 1974) was introduced.^[8]

Reactivation and preparation for Iraq

In the late 1990s, Army leaders including General Eric Shinseki began shifting the Army force toward brigade centered operations. All separate brigades had been inactivated in the 1990s as part of the US Army's drawdown following the end of the Cold War.^[51] These inactivations, along with subsequent reorganization of US Army divisions, saw several divisional brigades stationed in bases that were far from the division's headquarters and support units. These brigades had difficulty operating without support from higher headquarters.^[51]

Battle plan for the Iraq War, with the 173rd attacking the northern areas of the country

It was Shinseki's idea to reactivate a few separate brigades and assign them their own support and sustainment units, which would allow them to function independently of division-level headquarters. These formations were termed "Brigade Combat Teams".^[52] Such units could be stationed in bases far from major commands, not requiring division-level unit support, an advantage in places like Alaska and Europe, where stationing entire divisions was unnecessary or impractical. The first of the separate brigades was the 172nd Infantry Brigade, activated in 1998.^[51] The 173rd Airborne Brigade was reactivated on June 12, 2000 at Caserma Ederle in Vicenza, Italy, where it now serves.^[2] It was previously designated the SETAF Infantry brigade. In 2002 it activated a second maneuver battalion.^[53] The unit finally reached "initial operating capability" on March 14, 2003, with all units ready for deployment. It would be in combat 12 days later.^[54]

In 2003, as preparations were being made for Operation Iraqi Freedom, the 173rd Airborne Brigade was assigned to be a part of an assault from the north of Iraq.^[55] The original plan was for the 173rd to be attached to the 4th Infantry Division as a flexible force of airborne troops to complement the heavy weapons of the division's three brigades.^[55] Supported by the 1st Infantry Division and the 10th Special Forces Group, the 4th Infantry Division was to assemble in Turkey and use its heavy mechanized brigades to attack through Tikrit and eventually assist V Corps, which would attack from the south, in surrounding Baghdad.^[55] However, this plan fell through when the government of Turkey would not allow offensive operations to be conducted from its soil, and the entire 4th Infantry Division was left stuck on ships in the Mediterranean Sea for the opening of the operation.^[56] This meant that the entire northern front of the war would be conducted by the 173rd Airborne Brigade and Army special forces operating with aircraft from Europe as their only supply line.^[57] As the brigade had no heavy or mechanized forces and only a few Humvees and an artillery battery, heavier forces were attached to it in the form of two companies of M113 Armored Personnel Carriers, M1 Abrams tanks, and M2 Bradleys. These elements were put under the command of 1st Battalion, 63rd Armor, which was assigned to the brigade.^[57] The force also received a pair of Dragoneye Unmanned Aerial Vehicles from the US Marine Corps.^[58]

The 173rd Airborne Brigade was made part of Task Force Viking, a special operations task force that contained elements of the 10th Mountain Division^[59] and the 10th Special Forces Group.^[60] The use of the 173rd as a part of a special operations task force was a unique first in US Army history.^[59] This force was assisted by Kurdish rebels in northern Iraq and tasked with attacking key airfield and oil production positions deep in northern Iraq.^[59] The brigade would take off from Aviano Air Base in Italy, a 4½ hour flight from northern Iraq.^[61] As the preparations for the brigade were in their final stages, it moved 10 trains and 300 trucks worth of equipment to the air base, as well as 120 busloads of soldiers.^[62] Though the brigade's movement was impeded by Italian protestors, the Italian police provided escort operations to the brigade and ensured that it reached the Air Base without incident, and was not significantly delayed.^[62] Operation Iraqi Freedom began on March 20 with V Corps, consisting of the 101st Airborne Division, 82nd Airborne Division, and 3rd Infantry Division making a forceful push from the south, beginning the Iraq War.^[59] A few days later, the 173rd and 10th Special Forces Group departed for northern Iraq.^[59]

Operation Iraqi Freedom

On March 26, 2003, 954 soldiers of the 173rd Airborne Brigade, commanded by Colonel William C. Mayville, conducted a combat jump from C-130^[63] and C-17 aircraft^[58] onto Bashur Airfield in Northern Iraq,^[2][64] in an assault known as Operation Northern Delay. The jump took a total of 58 seconds, though 32 paratroopers were unable to jump because they would have landed too far from the rest of the force.^[65] The force had been strung out over a 10,000-yard drop zone, and it took 15 hours before it was completely assembled.^[66] The paratroopers secured the airfield, allowing the C-17s to land and bring in the heavy armor and the 1-63rd Armor contingents.^[57] They jumped from aircraft of the 62d Airlift Wing and the 728th Airlift Squadron along with the 786th Security Forces Squadron.^[67] Over the next 96 hours, the Wing landed in the remaining 1,200 soldiers of the brigade as well as their vehicles.^[67] By March 29 the entire brigade was in Iraq and ready to conduct offensive operations.^[67]

173rd soldiers detain suspected Iraqi insurgents.

Soldiers of the 173rd during Operation Bayonet Lightning in Iraq, 2003.

The next day, American forces advanced to Kirkuk during Operation Option North, hoping to control oil fields and military airfields in and around the city.^[3] Controlling the oil fields had been a specific operational goal of the Task Force^[62] because they were viewed as the most valuable strategic asset in northern Iraq.^[68] Between March 30 and April 2, the 173rd Airborne Brigade, along with the Special Forces detachment and the Kurdish forces, engaged and destroyed the 2nd, 4th, 8th and 38th Iraqi Infantry Divisions as well as a force loyal to Ansar al-Islam.^[69] The brigade used field artillery assets, as well as coordinated airstrikes to attack Iraqi Republican Guard units defending the city. Within a week these units began to fall apart due to desertions.^[68] On April 10 the brigade was able to move into the city, securing it after a short urban battle.^[70] The entire battle for Kirkuk cost the brigade only nine casualties.^[3] During the operation, some of the troops discovered at least two caches of Iraqi gold, totaling more than 2,000 bars.^[71] The unit then took part in Operation Peninsula Strike, quelling Ba'ath party resistance and other insurgent groups.^[72] These operations, though successful, were not as effective as the 4th Infantry Division's four heavy brigades would have been.^[57] V Corps was not able to surround Baghdad as quickly as it had hoped because of a lack of available forces in the north.^[57]

After the end of major combat operations in summer of 2003, the 173rd Airborne Brigade did not engage in any major battles, though it was regularly involved in skirmishes with Iraqi insurgents.^[70] As Task Force Bayonet, the brigade included the: 2nd Battalion, 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment, 1st Battalion, 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 173rd Combat Support Company, 74th Infantry Detachment, Delta Battery of the 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment (later expanded to the 4th Battalion, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment), 501st Forward Support Company, and the attached 1-63 Armor from Rose Barracks, Germany. The brigade served mainly in Kirkuk for the next year.^[2] During its service, the brigade was involved in what later became known as the "Hood Event", arresting Turkish special forces soldiers, believing them to be plotting attacks against local civilian officials in northern Iraq.^[73] The Turkish forces were eventually released. The brigade also participated in Operation Bayonet Lightning in 2003, capturing weapons and materials that the Department of Defense claimed were possibly for use against coalition forces.^[74] On February 21, 2004, the brigade returned to Italy for a one year rest before a new deployment.^[2]

Operation Enduring Freedom 05

The 173rd Airborne Brigade deployed to Afghanistan in March 2005 under the command of Colonel Kevin Owens, in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.^[17] The Brigade, organized as Task Force Bayonet, assumed control of Regional Command-South (RC South), comprising Zabol, Kandahar, Helmand, and Nimruz Provinces in southern Afghanistan.

Soldier of the 173rd Airborne during Operation Enduring Freedom (2005)

The 2nd Battalion, 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment conducted combat operations in Zabol Province. The 1st Battalion, 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment conducted combat operations in eastern Afghanistan. The 3rd Battalion, 319th Artillery of the 82nd Airborne Division, Task Force Gun Devil, was attached to the 173rd Airborne Brigade and organized as a maneuver Task Force. It conducted combat operations in Kandahar Province. Its elements included Delta Company, 2-504th Parachute Infantry, Bravo Company, 1-508th Parachute Infantry, a Military Police Platoon (4th plt 13th MP Co.), Headquarters and Headquarters Company of the 3-319th Field Artillery, and an Afghan National Army Company advised by French Special Forces. The 173rd Support Battalion and the 173rd Combat Support Company provided logistical support from Kandahar, while sending individual soldiers to assist at other Forward Operating Bases.^[75] The brigade returned to Italy in March 2006. Seventeen soldiers from the brigade lost their lives during this deployment.^[3]

Transformation

173rd Soldiers conduct air assault training in Germany (2007)

On October 11, 2006, the 173rd Airborne Brigade was redesignated as the 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team (ABCT),^[14] as part of the Army's "Unit of Action" modularized unit force restructuring that General Shinseki had originally envisioned.^[2][4] This was a significant change as it signified the ability for the brigade to deploy its forces and sustain itself with its newly integrated support teams. By integrating these support elements, the unit became able to maintain its fighting forces with all that is required to keep the ground soldiers supplied and moving.^[2] The infantry battalions and the brigade headquarters remained in Vicenza, Italy through the transition. Four additional battalions were activated or designated at Bamberg and Schweinfurt, Germany. These battalions were: the 4-319th Airborne Field Artillery Battalion, the 173rd Brigade Support Battalion, and the 173rd Special Troops Battalion stationed at Rose Barracks in the city of Bamberg, Germany, as well as the 1-91 Cavalry, stationed in Schweinfurt, Germany. After the new units were integrated into the brigade, the preponderance of the forces within the brigade were stationed in Germany, apart from the brigade headquarters in Italy. This dynamic was intended to last only until additional facilities were constructed at the Dal Molin airbase near Caserma Ederle at Vicenza.^[4] The 1st Battalion, 508th Infantry was reflagged as 1st Battalion, 503rd Airborne Infantry to resume the Vietnam-era lineage of the 503rd Infantry battalions under the 173rd Airborne Brigade.^[4] The 1st Battalion, 508th Infantry colors were moved to Ft. Bragg, North Carolina to serve under the 82nd Airborne Division.^[14] Immediately after its transformation, the brigade began intensive training in both Germany and Italy to prepare itself for future deployments.^[76]

Operation Enduring Freedom 08

In 2006, the brigade was notified for a second tour of duty in Iraq during 2007–2008, but its deployment plan was changed to Afghanistan in February 2007 when the Pentagon announced that it would relieve the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division along with the 4th Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division.^[77] In the spring of 2007, the 173rd again deployed to Afghanistan, as Task Force Bayonet, in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF 07–09),^[77] their first deployment as a fully transformed brigade combat team. The brigade was dispersed throughout the east of the country, with units operating in Nangarhar, Nuristan, Kunar, Paktika and Laghman Provinces.^[77] The 173rd ABCT officially relieved the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division on June 6, 2007.^[77]

The 173rd participated in various operations with the objective of ensuring security and subduing Taliban insurgents in the mountainous regions along Afghanistan's border with Pakistan, one of these being Operation Rock Avalanche near the Hindu Kush.^[78] Throughout their 15-month deployment, the brigade participated in more than 9,000 patrols throughout the region.^[79] Journalist Sebastian Junger and photographer Tim Hetherington embedded with Battle Company of 2nd Battalion which saw extensive action in the Korengal Valley. Junger later wrote a highly acclaimed book, War, and, with Hetherington, produced the award-winning documentary, Restrepo, about the deployment. Only two weeks before the brigade was to return to Italy, a platoon of 45 soldiers from the brigade stationed in the Dara-I-Pech district was attacked by 100-200 insurgents, the Battle of Wanat.^[80] Though the platoon was able to drive the insurgents back with air support, the fight resulted in 9 soldiers killed and 16 wounded; the deadliest attack on troops in the country since 2005.^[81] The brigade repositioned the base three days later.^[79][82] The 173rd's tour ended in July 2008, and the entire brigade returned to Europe by the end of that month.^[83]

On June 14, 2009, the 173rd Airborne Brigade was announced as one of the Brigade Combat Teams deploying to Afghanistan, began its fourth deployment in late 2009 and early 2010.^[84]

Honors

Unit decorations

Ribbon	Award	Year	Notes
	Presidential Unit Citation (Army)	1967	for fighting in the Battle of Dak To
	Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army)	1965–1967	for service in Vietnam
	Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm	1965–1970	for service in Vietnam
	Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal, First Class	1969–1971	for service in Vietnam
	Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army)	2003–2004	[85]

Campaign streamers

Legacy

then-Captain Alfred Rascon, a Medal of Honor recipient from the 173rd Airborne Brigade

The 173rd's service, particularly in Vietnam, has been featured several times in popular culture. The most prominent of these is the 2006 single released by the country music duo Big & Rich, entitled "8 November". The song was based on the story of Niles Harris, a member of the 173rd, during Operation Hump. On July 1, 2006, a documentary inspired by the song and based on the brigade's actions during the operation premiered on the GAC Channel.^[86]

Captain Willard, a fictional character portrayed by Martin Sheen in the 1979 film Apocalypse Now, was a member of the 173rd assigned to Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group^[87]. He was depicted as being in "the 505th battalion", although no such unit was ever part of the 173rd. Throughout the movie, he wears the Vietnam-era, mustard yellow, "subdued" shoulder sleeve insignia worn by 173rd paratroopers on their battle dress uniforms during the Vietnam conflict. In the 1987 movie Lethal Weapon, the patch worn by Danny Glover's fictional character Roger Murtaugh during a retrospective of his time in Vietnam was that of the 173rd Airborne Brigade.^[88] In the 1998 movie The Siege, fictional Major General William Devereaux, played by Bruce Willis, states that he was in the 173rd Airborne Brigade at the same time that character Anthony Hubbard was in the 82nd Airborne Division.^[89]

Numerous servicemen from the 173rd, mostly from the Vietnam era, gained notability after their military careers ended. These include Congressmen Duncan Hunter and Charlie Norwood,^[90][91] Archbishop of Baltimore Edwin Frederick O'Brien,^[92] Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Robert M. Kimmitt,^[93] business owner Barney Visser,^[94] activist Stan Goff, and Sergeant Major of the Army Gene C. McKinney.^[95]

Fifteen soldiers have been awarded the Medal of Honor for service with the 173rd Airborne Brigade and its subordinate units.^[96] Lloyd G. McCarter and Ray E. Eubanks earned the medal while fighting with the 503rd Infantry in World War II, while 13 other soldiers earned medals fighting under the 173rd in Vietnam; John A. Barnes III, Michael R. Blanchfield, Glenn H. English Jr., Lawrence Joel, Terry T. Kawamura, Carlos J. Lozada, Don L. Michael, Charles B. Morris, Milton L. Olive III, Larry S. Pierce, Laszlo Rabel, Alfred Rascon, and Charles J. Watters.^[97][98]

Staff Sgt. Sal Giunta a member of the 173rd, has been recommended to receive the Medal of Honor for heroic actions in Afghanistan in 2007. If approved, he would become the first living Medal of Honor recipient since the Vietnam war. ^[99]

Notes

References

• Borch, Frederic R. (2004). Judge Advocates In Vietnam: Army Lawyers In Southeast Asia, 1959–1975. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 978-1-4102-1772-1. 
• Degen, E. J.; Gregory Fontenot, David Tohn (2007). On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Combat Studies Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-1607-8196-4. 
• Ham, Paul (2007). Vietnam: the Australian War. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-7322-8237-0. 
• McGrath, John J. (2004). The Brigade: A History: Its Organization and Employment in the US Army. Combat Studies Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-4404-4915-4. 
• Murphy, Edward F. Dak To: America's Sky Soldiers in South Vietnam's Central Highlands. New York Ballentine, 2007.
• Tucker, Spencer C. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-040-0. 
• Stanton, Shelby L., The Rise and Fall of an American Army: U.S. Ground Forces in Vietnam, 1965–1973. New York: Dell, 1985.
• Wilson, John B. (2001). Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 978-0-8987-5498-8. 

External links

• 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team Official Website
• 173rd Airborne Brigade Lineage and Honors Certificate
• Vanity Fair article from Spring '08 focusing on 2-503 in Afghanistan, "Into The Valley of Death"
• New York Times article from Spring '08 focusing on 2-503 in Afghanistan, "Battle Company Is Out There"
• "173rd Airborne Brigade - History". U.S. Army. http://www.173abnbde.setaf.army.mil/history.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-16.